CELLS KEY WORDS

These are the keywords for cells.
I have 2 or 3 that are not there because i have no clue what they mean.
If you know the answer, just reply to my post with it and i'll put it up.
Thanks :)

· ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy
· ANAPHASE
The stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell
· CARBOHYDRATE
An essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain
· CELL
The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning.
· CELL CYCLE
The cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a eukaryotic cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
· CELL MEMBRANE
The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Also called cytomembrane, plasmalemma, plasma membrane.
· CELL WALL
A rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane of plant and prokaryotic cells; maintains the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier.
· CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION
The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function, as in the case of a liver cell, a blood cell, or a neuron. There are more than 250 general types of cells in the human body. Differentiation is the process that takes place inside an embryo that determines which genes are expressed and hence what type of cell will result.
· CENTRIOLE
A small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis, the new pair of centrioles moving ahead of the spindle to opposite poles of the cell as the cell divides: identical in internal structure to a basal body.
· CHANNEL PROTEIN

· CHLOROPLAST
A chlorophyll-containing plastid found in algal and green plant cells.
· CHROMOSOME
Any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order: the human species has 23 pairs, designated 1 to 22 in order of decreasing size and X and Y for the female and male sex chromosomes respectively.
· CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
The gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density.
· CYTOKINESIS
The division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.
· CYTOPLASM
The cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus, containing the cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton, and various particles.
· DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms, constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladderlike arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine: the genetic information of DNA is encoded in the sequence of the bases and is transcribed as the strands unwind and replicate.
· DNA TRANSCRIPTION

· DNA TRANSLATION

· DIFFUSION
The spreading of particles into a lesser concentration.
· ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
A microscope of extremely high power that uses beams of electrons focused by magnetic lenses instead of rays of light, the magnified image being formed on a fluorescent screen or recorded on a photographic plate: its magnification is substantially greater than that of any optical microscope.
· ELECTRON MICROGRAPH
A micrograph made by an electron microscope.
· ENDOCYTOSIS
The transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell by means of a coated vacuole or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane
· ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum), involved in the transport of materials.
· EUKARYOTE
Any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes, and an elaborate system of division by mitosis or meiosis, characteristic of all life forms except bacteria, blue-green algae, and other primitive microorganisms.
· EXOCYTOSIS
The transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through an opening in the cell membrane.
· FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
A model that describes the structure of cell membranes. In this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell.
· GLYCOPROTEIN
Any of a group of conjugated proteins having a carbohydrate as the nonprotein component.
· GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
An organelle, consisting of layers of flattened sacs, that takes up and processes secretory and synthetic products from the endoplasmic reticulum and then either releases the finished products into various parts of the cell cytoplasm or secretes them to the outside of the cell.
· HYDROPHILIC
Soluble (readily absorbing or dissolving) in water.
· HYDROPHOBIC
Incapable of dissolving in water.
· INTERPHASE
The period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions. Also called interkinesis.
· LIGHT MICROSCOPE
Microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object.
· LYSOSOMES
A membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells containing various hydrolytic enzymes that function in intracellular digestion.
· MAGNIFICATION
1.
the act of magnifying or the state of being magnified.
·
2.
the power to magnify. Compare power (def. 20a).
·
3.
a magnified image, drawing, copy, etc.
· METAPHASE
The stage of mitosis and meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate.
· MITOCHONDRIA
A spherical or elongated organelle in the cytoplasm of nearly all eukaryotic cells, containing genetic material and many enzymes important for cell metabolism, including those responsible for the conversion of food to usable energy. Also called chondriosome.
· MITOSIS
The usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell.
· NUCLEIC ACID
any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, (complex compounds) found in the cell, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions and heredity: composed of linked nucleotides.
· NUCLEUS
A large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living eukaryotic cell, containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
· ORGAN
A grouping of tissues into a distinct structure, as a heart or kidney in animals or a leaf or stamen in plants, that performs a specialized task.
· ORGAN SYSTEM

· ORGANELLES
A structure or part that is enclosed within its own membrane inside a cell and has a particular function. Organelles are found only in eukaryotic cells and are absent from the cells of prokaryotes such as bacteria. The nucleus, the mitochondrion, the chloroplast, the Golgi apparatus, the lysosome, and the endoplasmic reticulum are all examples of organelles. Some organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, have their own genome (genetic material) separate from that found in the nucleus of the cell. Such organelles are thought to have their evolutionary origin in symbiotic bacteria or other organisms that have become a permanent part of the cell.
· OSMOSIS
The tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solvent concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane.
· PASSIVE TRANSPORT
The movement of a chemical substance across a cell membrane without expenditure of energy by the cell, as in diffusion.
· PHAGOCYTOSIS
The ingestion of a smaller cell or cell fragment, a microorganism, or foreign particles by means of the local infolding of a cell's membrane and the protrusion of its cytoplasm around the fold until the material has been surrounded and engulfed by closure of the membrane and formation of a vacuole: characteristic of amebas and some types of white blood cells.
· PHOSPHOLIPID
Any of various phosphorus-containing lipids, such as lecithin, that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol. Phospholipids are the main lipids in cell membranes .
· PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
A two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.
· PINOCYTOSIS
· PLASMA MEMBRANE
The transport of fluid into a cell by means of local infoldings by the cell membrane so that a tiny vesicle or sac forms around each droplet, which is then taken into the interior of the cytoplasm.
· PROKARYOTE
Any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane, no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes, and has its genetic material in the form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops, characteristic of all organisms in the kingdom Monera, as the bacteria and blue-green algae.
· PROPHASE
The first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.
· PROTEIN PUMP

· RESOLUTION
The degree of sharpness of a computer-generated image
· RIBOSOMES
Small cellular components composed of RNA.
· SELECTIVELY (PARTIALLY) PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

· TELOPHASE
The final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.
· TISSUE
An aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a definite kind of structural material with a specific function, in a multicellular organism.
· TUMOR
An uncontrolled, abnormal, circumscribed growth of cells in any animal or plant tissue; neoplasm.
· VACUOLE
A membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a watery liquid or secretion.
· VIRUS
An ultramicroscopic (20 to 300 nm in diameter), metabolically inert, infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria, plants, and animals: composed of an RNA or DNA core, a protein coat, and, in more complex types, a surrounding envelope.